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THEFORBIDDENCITY(紫禁城)
(Infrontofthemeridiangate)
Thisisthepalacemuseum;alsoknowasthePurpleForbiddenCity.ItisthelargestandmostwellreservedimperialresidenceinChinatoday.UnderMingEmperorYongle,constructionbeganin1406.Ittook14yearstobuildtheForbiddenCity.ThefirstrulerwhoactuallylivedherewasMingEmperorZhudi.Forfivecenturiesthereafter,itcontinuedtobetheresidenceof23successiveemperorsuntil1911whenQingEmperorPuyiwasforcedtoabdicatethethrone.In1987,theUnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganizationrecognizedtheForbiddenCitywasaworldculturallegacy.
ItisbelievedthatthePalaceMuseum,orZiJinCheng(PurpleForbiddenCity),gotitsnamefromastronomyfolklore,TheancientastronomersdividedtheconstellationsintogroupsandcenteredthemaroundtheZiweiYuan(NorthStar).TheconstellationcontainingtheNorthStarwascalledtheConstellationofHeavenlyGodandstaritselfwascalledthepurplepalace.Becausetheemperorwassupposedlythesonoftheheavenlygods,hiscentralanddominantpositionwouldbefurtherhighlightedtheuseofthewordpurpleinthenameofhisresidence.Infolklore,theterm”aneasternpurplecloudisdrifting”becameametaphorforauspiciouseventsafterapurplecloudwasseendriftingeastwardimmediatelybeforethearrivalofanancientphilosopher,LaoZi,totheHanghuPass.Here,purpleisassociatedwithauspiciousdevelopments.Thewordjin(forbidden)isself-explanatoryastheimperialpalacewasheavilyguardedandoff-explanatoryastheimperialpalacewasheavilyguardedandoff-limitstoordinarypeople.
Theredandyellowusedonthepalacewallsandroofsarealsosymbolic.Redrepresentshappiness,goodfortuneandwealth.YellowisthecoloroftheearthontheLoessPlateau,theoriginalhomeoftheChinesepeople.YellowbecameanimperialcolorduringtheTangdynasty,whenonlymembersoftheroyalfamilywereallowedtowearitanduseitintheirarchitecture.
TheForbiddenCityisrectangularinshape.Itis960meterslongfromnorthtosouthand750meterwidefromeastwest.Ithas9,900roomsunderatotalroofarea150,000squaremeters.A52-meter-wide-moatencirclesa9.9-meter―highwallwhichenclosesthecomplex.Octagon―shapedturretsrestonthefourcornersofthewall.Therearefourentrancesintothecity:theMeridianGatetothesouth,theShenwuGate(GateofMilitaryProwess)tothenorth,andtheXihuaGate(GateofmilitaryProwess)tothenorth,andtheXihuaGate(WesternFloweryGate)tothewest,theDonghua(EasternFloweryGate)totheeast.
ManpowerandmaterialsthroughoutthecountrywereusedtobuildtheForbiddenCity.Atotalof230,000artisansandonemillionlaborerswereemployed.MarblewasquarriedfromfangshanCountryMountPaninJixianCountyinHebeiProvince.GranitewasquarriedinQuyangCountyinHebeiProvince.PavingblockswerefiredinkilnsinSuzhouinsouthernChina.BricksandscarletpigmentationusedonthepalatialwallscamefromlinqinginShandongProvince.Timberwascut,processedandhauledfromthenorthwesternandsouthernregions.
ThestructureinfrontofusistheMeridianGate.ItisthemainentrancetotheforbiddenCity.ItisalsoknowsasWufenglou(Five-PhoenixTower).Mingemperorsheldlavishbanquetshereonthe15thdayofthefirstmonthoftheChineselunaryearinhornoroftheircounties.Theyalsousedthisplaceforpunishingofficalsbyfloggingthemwithsticks.
Qingemperorsusedthisbuildingtoannouncethebeginningofthenewyear.QingEmperorQianglongchangedtheoriginalnameofthisannouncementceremonyfrombanli(announcementofcalendar)tobanshou(announcementofnewmoon)toavoidcoincidentalassociationwithanotherEmperor`sname,Hongli,whichwasconsideredatabooatthattime.QingDynastyemperorsalsousedthisplacetoholdaudienceandforotherimportantceremonies.Forexample,whentheimperialarmyreturnedvictoriouslyfromthebattlefield,itwasherethattheEmperorpresidedovertheceremonytoacceptprisonersofwar.
(AfterenteringtheMeridianGateandstandinginfrontoftheFiveMarbleBridgesonGoldenWaterRiver)
nowweareinsidetheForbiddenCity.Beforewestartourtour,Iwouldliketobrieflyintroduceyoutothearchitecturalpatternsbefourus.Tocompletethissolemn,magnificentandpalatialcomplex,avarietyofbuildingswerearrangedonanorth-southaxis,and8-kilometer-longinvisiblelinethathasbecomeaninseparablepartoftheCityofBeijing.TheForbiddenCitycoversroughlyone?thirdofthiscentralaxis.MostoftheimportantbuildingintheForbiddenCitywereearrangedalongthisline.Thedesignandarrangementofthepalacesreflectthesolemndignityoftheroyalcourtandrigidly?stratifiedfeudalsystem.
TheForbiddenCityisdividedintoanouterandaninnercount.Wearenowstandingonthesouthernmostpartoftheoutercount.InfrontofusliestheGateofsupremeHarmony.Thegateisguardedbyapairofbronzelions,symbolizingimperialpoweranddignity.Thelionswerethemostexquisiteandbiggestofitskind.Theoneontheeastplayingwithaballisamale,andballissaidtorepresentstateunity.Theotheroneisafemale.Underneathoneofitsforeclawsisacubthatisconsideredtobeasymbolofperpetualimperialsuccession.ThewindingbrookbeforeusistheGoldenWaterRiver.Itfunctionsbothasdecorationandfirecontrol.ThefivebridgesspanningtheriverrepresentthefivevirtuespreachedbyConfucius:benevolence,righteousness,rites,intellenceandfidelity.Therivertakestheshapeofabowandthenorth-southaxisisitsarrow.ThiswasmeanttoshowthattheEmperorsruledthecountryonbehalfofGod.
(InfrontoftheGateofSupremeHarmony)
TheForbiddenCityconsistsofanoutercountyardandaninnerenclosure.TheoutcountyardcoversavastspacelyingbetweentheMeridianGateandtheGateofHeavenlyPurity.The“threebighalls”ofSupremeHarmony,CompleteHarmonyandPreservingHarmonyconstitutethecenterofthisbuildinggroup.Flankingtheminbilateralsymmetryaretwogroupsofpalaces:Wenhua(ProminentScholars)andWuying(BraveWarriors).Thethreegreathallsarebuiltonaspacious“H”-shaped,8-meter-high,triplemarbleterrace,Eachlevelofthetripleterraceistallerthantheonbelowandallareencircledbymarblebalustradescarvedwithdragonandphoenixdesigns.Therearethreecarvedstonestaircaseslinkingthethreearchitectures.ThehallofsupremeHarmonyisalsothetallestandmostexquisiteancientwooden-structuredmansioninallofChina.FromthepalaceofHeavenlyPurithnorthwardiswhatisknownastheinnercourt,whichisalsobuiltinbilaterallysymmetricalpatterns.InthecenterarethePalaceofHeavenlyPurity,theHallofUnionandPeaceandPalaceofEarthlyTranquility,aplacewheretheEmperorslivedwiththeirfamiliesandattendedtostateaffairs.Flankingthesestructuresarepalacesandhallsinwhichconcubinesandprinceslived.Therearealsothreebotanicalgardenswithintheinnercount,namely,theimperialGarden,CaninggardenandQuailinggarden.AninnerGoldenWaterRiverflowseastwardlywithintheinnercourt.ThebrookwindsthroughthreeminorhallsorpalacesandleadsoutoftheForbiddenCity.ItisspannedbytheWhiteJadeBridge.Theriverislinedwithwinding,marble?carvedbalustrades.
MostofthestructureswithintheForbiddenCityhaveyellowglazedtileroofs.
Asidefromgivingprominencetothenorth-southaxis,otherarchitecturalmethodswereappliedtomakeeverygroupofpalatialstructuresuniqueintermsofterraces,roofs,mythicalmonstersperchingontheroofsandcolored,drawingpatterns.Withthese,thegrandcontouranddifferenthierarchicspectrumofthecomplexwerestrengthened.Folklorehasitthattherearealtogether9,999room-unitsintheForbiddenCity.SinceParadiseonlyhas10,000rooms,theSonofHeavenonearthcutthenumberbyhalfaroom.Itisalsorumouredthatthishalf?roomislocatedtothewestoftheWenyuangePavilion(imperiallibrary).Asamatteroffact,althoughtheForbiddenCityhasmorethan9,000room-units,thishalf-roomisnonexistent.TheWenyuangePavilionisalibrarywhere“SiKuQuanShu”-China`sfirstcomprehensiveanthology-wasstored.
(AfterwalkingpasttheGateofSupremeHarmony)
LadiesandGentlemen,thegreathallweareapproachingistheHallofSupremeHarmony,thebiggestandtallestofitskingintheForbiddenCity.Thisstructurecoversatotalbuildingspaceof2,377squaremeters,andisknowforitsupturned,multiplecounterparteaves.TheHallofSupremeHarmonysitsonatriple“H”-shapedmarbleterracetheis8metershighandlinkedbystaircases.Thestaircaseonthegroundfloorhas21stepswhilethemiddleandupperstairwayseachhave9.
TheconstructionoftheHallofSupremeHarmonybeganin1406.Itburneddownthreetimesandwasseverelydamagedonceduringamutiny.TheexistingarchitecturewasbuiltduringtheQingDynasty.Onthecornersoftheeavesalineofanimal-nailswereusuallyfastenedtothetiles.Theseanimal-nailswerelaterreplacewithmythicalanimalstowardoffevilspirits.Therearealtogether9suchfastenersontopofthishall.Thenumberninewasregardedbytheancientstobethelargestnumeralaccessibletomanandtowhichonlytheemperorswereentitled.
Therewasatotalof24successiveemperorsduringtheMingandQingdynastieswhowereenthronedhere.Theballwasalsousedforceremonieswhichmarkedothergreatoccasions:theWinterSolstice,TheChineseLunarNewYear,theEmperor`sbirthday,conferralofthetitleofempress,theannouncementofnewlawsandpolicies,anddispatchesofgeneralstowar.Onsuchoccasions,theEmperorwouldholdaudienceforhiscourtofficialsandreceivetheirtributes.
ThisareaiscalledtheHallofSupremeHarmonySquare,whichcoversatotalof30,000squaremeters,Withoutasingletreeorplantgrowinghere,thisplaceinspiresvisitorstofeelitssolemnityandgrandeur.InthemiddleofthesquarethereisacarriagewaythatwasreservedfortheEmperor.Onbothsidesoftheroadthegroudbrickswerelaidinaspecialwaysevenlayerslengthwiseandeightlayerscrosswise,makingupfifteenlayersinall.Thepurposeofthiswastopreventanyonefromtunnelinghiswayintothepalace.Inthecountyardthereareironvatsforstoringwatertofightfires.Inthewholecomplextherearealtogher308watervats.Inwintertime,charcoalwasburnedunderneaththevatstokeepthewaterfromfreezing.
Whysovastasquare?Itwasdesignedtoimpresspeoplewiththehall`sgrandeurandvastness.Imaginethefollowingscene.Undertheclearbluesky,theyellowglazedtilesshimmeredasthecloud-likelayersofterrace,coupledwiththecurlingveilofburningincense,transformedthehallofsupremeHarmonyintoafairyland.Whenevermajorceremonieswereheld,theglazed,crane-shapedcandleholdersinsidethehallwouldbeit,andincenseandpinebranchesburntinfrontofthehall.WhentheEmperorappeared,drumswerebeatenandmusicalinstrumentplayed.Civilianofficialsandgeneralswouldkneelknowinsubmission.
ThelastQingemperorPuyiassumedthethronein1908,attheageofthree,Hisfathercarriedhimtothethrone.Atthestartofthecoronation,thesuddendrum-beatingandloudmusiccaughttheyoungemperorunprepared.Hewassoscaredthathekeptcryingandshouting,"Idon’twanttostayhere."