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WelcometoQufu,Confucius'hometown,andthankyouforchoosingmeasyourguide.I'mZhang,thetourguideofQufutravelagency.YoucancallmeXiaoZhangorZhangDao.Confuciushasafamoussaying:"it'sapleasuretohavefriendsfromafar."Nowletmefeelhappytomeetnewfriendsandprovideyouwithtourguideservice.
ConfuciusTempleisaritualtempleforConfucius.ConfuciusisafamousthinkerandeducatorattheendofthespringandAutumnPeriodinChina,andisrespectedasthefounderoftheConfucianschool.Accordingtorecords,Confuciuswasbornonthetopofthepolder,liketheshapeofNiqiumountain,sobecauseofthenameQiu,thewordZhongni.
Inhislifeofhardexplorationofsocialpractice,Confuciusdeeplyunderstoodandunderstoodthesocietyatthattime,graduallyestablishedthebasicsystemofConfucianism,andbecameafamouspoliticaltheorist,educatorandthinkeratthattime.TheConfucianismhefoundedhasagreatinfluenceinthehistoryofChinaandeventheworld.InthesecondyearafterConfuciusdied(478BC),DukeAIofLuchangedthehallwhereConfuciuslivedto"longevityhall".Therewerethreehouses,whichdisplayed"clothes,crowns,Qin,Che,Shu"usedbyConfucius,and"becausetheythoughttheyweretemples,theywereworshippedwhentheywereold",thatis,theyofferedsacrificesontimeeveryyear.AlthoughConfuciuswasawell-knownacademicmasteratthattime,Confucianismwasonlyaschool,andConfuciuswasnotinahighposition,sotheoriginalConfuciusTemplewasonlytheformerresidenceofConfucius.AftertheHanDynasty,thestatusofConfuciusandConfucianismgraduallyimproved.
Accordingtorecords,from220A.D.tothetimebeforeliberation,theConfuciusTemplewasrebuiltandexpandedformorethan70times.Aftermorethan2000yearsofreconstructionandexpansion,theConfuciusTempleinQufuformedalarge-scaleancientarchitecturalcomplex.Itcoversanareaofabout140000squaremeters,including466halls,pavilions,54gatesand17stelepavilions.Withitslargescale,thePalaceMuseumandChengdeMountainResortareknownasthethreemajorancientarchitecturalcomplexesinChina.
TheoveralllayoutofConfuciusTempleisalong-termdevelopmentofConfucius'formerresidence,whichhasahistoryofmorethan2400years.ThearchitecturaleffectpursuedbythedevelopmentofConfuciusTempleisachievedthroughtheenvironmentcreatedbythewholebuildingcomplextosetoffthegreatachievementsofConfuciusandtheprofoundandextensiveofConfucianismandTaoism.Therefore,theartisticexpressionofConfuciustemplearchitectureisfirstlytheintegrityofitsoveralllayoutandarchitecturalsequence;secondly,thetreatmentofitsindividualbuildingsandthepatternofeachcourtyard,andeachhall,hall,building,doorandpavilionfullyshowstheirrespectiveimportantrole;Thethirdisthesubtleaspectsofindividualarchitecture,whichfullyreflectstheunparalleledartisticachievementsofChineseancientarchitectsindesignandconstruction.Intheaspectofoverallarchitecture,ConfuciusTempleadoptstheancienttraditionalpalacestylearchitecture.However,ithasbeenrebuiltandexpandedformanytimesinhistory.Whenitisrebuiltandexpanded,itisboundtobelimitedbytheshape,scaleandotherfactorsofthepreviousConfuciantemple.However,thearchitecturalgroupoftheConfuciantemplefinallysuccessfullyutilizedtheheritageofthepreviousgeneration,whichnotonlyreflectsthecontinuationofthehistoricalheritage,butalsomaintainsitsoverallintegrity.Thisuniquearchitecturalformiscausedbymanyfactors.Firstofall,theConfuciusTempleisanextensionoftheformerresidenceofConfucius,whichpreservesmanyhistoricalsitesrelatedtoConfucius,suchastheoldhousewell,poetryhall,Lubi,Jinsihall,andtheapricotaltarbuilttocommemorateConfucius'lectures;second,theRoyalancestraltemplefactors,suchasthehalberdsystem,thefronthallandthebackbedroomsystem;third,thepalacefactors,suchasthefivegatesystemoftheemperor,theturretsystemoftheRoyalCity,theEastandWestHuamen,etc;Thefourthisthefactorsofclanandfamilytemples,suchasQishengtemple,Chongshengtemple,familytemple,etc.;thefifthisthefactorsofsacrifice.InadditiontoConfucius,Sipeiandtwelvephilosophers,therearealsosages,Confuciansandancestors,withatotalnumberofmorethan200people.Inordertoaccommodatealargenumberofworshippers,itisnecessarytosetupveranda,thusformingverandacourtyard.Inadditiontotheabovefactors,italsohighlightsthesagestatusofConfuciusandthesanctityofConfuciusandMencius,suchaspanchi,Bishui,memorialarchwayandsoon,andsymbolizesConfucius'greatacademicachievementswiththebookbuilding.ConfuciusTemplehassuccessfullyusedthetraditionalcombinationofcourtyardandenvironment,andachievedthepurposeofrenderingConfucius'outstandingcontributioninacademicandeducationandhisloftypositioninancientsociety.ItisauniquearchitecturalforminancientChinesearchitecturalcomplex.
Therearemorethan1200ancienttreesintheConfuciusTemple,whichreflecteachotherwiththemagnificentbuildings.Especiallyinsummer,thousandsofegretsliveontheancienttrees,forminganotheruniquelandscapeoftheConfuciusTemple.EgretshavebeendesignatedascitybirdsbyQufuCity.
Wanrenpalacewall
JinShengYuZhenFang
Jinshengyuzhensquarewasbuiltin1538,the17thyearofJiajingreignofMingDynasty.Thefourcharactersof"jinshengyuzhen"arewrittenbyHuzuanzong,ascholarofMingDynasty.Onthesquare,thereisalightcarvedclouddragonplayingwithpearls.Onthetopofeachcolumn,thereisaroundcarving"wardoffevilspirits",commonlyknownas"chaotianhou".Behindthesquare,thereisasingleholestonebridge,onwhichthereisadragon,named"Panshuibridge".Underthebridge,theupstreamofpanshuiyuanisconnectedwithgupanchi,andthedownstreamflowsthroughtheSouthGateofMingCityXishuimenentersthemoat.Thebridgewasbuiltinthe16thyearofthereignofEmperorKangxioftheQingDynasty(1677AD).
Theword"JinShengYuZhen"comesfromMenciusMenciussaid,"Confuciusiscalledjidacheng.Hewhohasachievedgreatsuccesshasagoldenvoiceandajade.Thefirstisthesoundofgold,andthelastisthesoundofjade."ItmeansthatConfuciusisamasterofsagesandsages.Theoriginalmeaningof"JinSheng"referstothesoundof"Zhong",anancientmusicalinstrumentinChina.Theoriginalmeaningof"YuZhen"referstothesoundof"Qing",anancientmusicalinstrumentinChina.MenciuscomparesConfucius'thoughttoaperfectmusic.Here,toborrowMencius'meaning,itmeansthatConfucius'thoughtisperfectandintegratestheachievementsofancientsagestoreachthetop.
Latticestargate
Lingxinggatewasbuiltinthe13thyearofYongle(AD1415)ofMingDynasty.Itwasoriginallymadeofwood.Inthe19thyearofQianlong(AD1754)ofQingDynasty,itwasreplacedbystonepillarsandironbeamswhenKongZhaohuanrebuilttheConfuciusTemple.Onthetopofthefourpillarsarethefourgenerals,andonthemiddlebeamarethefirepearls,whichsymbolizesthatthegateisguardedbythegeneralsandbecomesatoweringgate.
Lingxing,namelyTiantianstar,wasfirstseeninthehistoricaldataoftheHanEmperorGaozu'sordertoworshipLingxing.TheancientsbelievedthatLingxingwasastarthat"theLORDwashonoredbythescholars"andwasspeciallyinchargeofofficials.InthesixthyearofemperorRenzongofSongDynasty(A.D.1028),aLingxinggatewasbuiltontheouterwalloftheplatform,whichwaslikeawindowlattice.ThereisagateintheConfuciusTemple,whichmeanstoworshipConfuciusasheaven.ThiscanbeseenintherecordsofJINGDINGJiankangandJinlingXinzhiofSongDynasty.Inaddition,thereisainscriptionintheConfuciusTemple:theLingxinggateissetupto"dredgeittoaccommodatethecorporal".WhereverthereisaLingxinggate,itsdoorleafmustbemadeoflatticestructure,soithasthemeaningofdredge.TheConfuciustempletakesthismeaningtoattractscholarsfromallovertheworldtostudyhere.
Infeudalsociety,alltheofficialswhocametoQufutooffersacrificestoConfucius,regardlessoftheirpositions,hadtogetoffthesedanchairanddismountthemilitaryofficialstoshowtheirrespectforConfucius.ThismonumentwasfirsterectedinthesecondyearofthereignofemperorMingchangofJinDynasty(1191AD),andnowonlyoneisleftintheEast.
TaiheYuanqisquare
TaiheYuanqisquarewasbuiltinthe23rdyearofJiajingintheMingDynasty(1544A.D.),whichisofstonestructure."TaiheYuanqi"waswrittenbythegovernorofShandongatthattime.
"Taihe"referstothecombinationofheavenandearth,sunandmoon,andYinandYang."Yuanqi"originallymeanstheoriginalmaterialthatformstheworld.Later,somematerialistscalledthefiveelements"Yuanqi"as"gold,wood,water,fireandearth".Everythingintheworldiscomposedoffiveelements.Here,"Yuanqi"isthecombinationofheavenandearth,sunandmoon,andYinandYang,whichisthebasisforthegrowthofallthings."TaiheQi"meansthatConfuciusthoughtembodiestheessenceandthemostnobleaspectofhumanthought.Itcanmakehumanthoughtreachasupremepositionastheuniverseproduceseverything.
AfterYuanqisquareofTaihe,therewasthe"ZhishengTemple"square,formerlyknownasthe"XuanshengTemple"square.Therewasnorecordofitsfoundingdate.Therewasa"XuanshengTemple"squareonthetemplemapinthe16thyearofHongzhiofMingDynasty(AD1503).In1729ad,XuanshengtemplewaschangedtoZhishengtemple.Thissquareiswhitemarble."Zhi"meanssupreme.