藏语“job-moglang-marib”就是“大地之母”的意思。
NowletmeintroduceMountEveresttoyou.Qomolangmameans"thethirdgoddess"inTibetan.MountEverestisthemainpeakoftheHimalayas,withanaltitudeof8848meters.Itisthehighestpeakintheworld.Themountainisintheshapeofahugepyramid,withsteepterrainandcomplexenvironment.Therearevarioustypesofglacierswithatotalareaof1500squarekilometersdistributedbetweentheridgesandcliffs.Ontopoftheglaciers,thereareavarietyofbeautifulandrareicepagodaforests.Within20kilometersaroundMt.Everest,therearemanypeaks.Amongthe14peaksabove8000metersintheworld,thereare5.Thepeaksof6-7kilometersareallaround,formingamagnificentlandscapewithmanypeaks.Accordingtotheanalysisofgeologicalstructure,inancienttimes,thewholeHimalayasandthevastareanearbywerestillacornerofthesea.FromaboutthelateTertiaryofCenozoicera,thedeeprockstrataundertheseawereaffectedbythestrongHimalayanorogeny,risingtothetopandtheyoungest"roofoftheworld".Standingonthetopoftheearth,QomolangmaitselfisthemosttypicalfaultblockmountainintheHimalayas.ItspyramidshapedpeakiscomposedofOrdovicianbrownmarbleandcrystallinelimestone.Accordingtothedeterminationofscientists,Everestisstillrising,withanaverageannualspeedof3.2mmto12.7mm,continuingtosetanewworldrecord.
NowletmetellyoutwomythsaboutMountEverest.ItissaidthatwhenSongzanganbuwaskingofTibet,theHimalayasandMountEverestwerebeautifulplaceswithflowersinfullbloom.Songzanganbuorderedthatthisplaceshouldbespeciallyusedforraisingahundredbirds.Itsoriginalnamewas"rozamarang",whichmeans"theplaceforraisingbirdsintheSouth".Inthe8thcentury,theTibetankingchisongdezansentpeoplefromIndiatowelcomethelotusgrandmasterintoTibettopreachBuddhism,andBuddhismgraduallyprevailedinTibet.Therearefivegoddessessittinginthemonthlysacrificestothegods.Eachofthefivegoddesseshasitsownname.ThisistheearliestTibetannameforthefivepeaksoftheHimalayasinChina.Theyareknownasthe"fivesistersoflongevity",andQomolangmaranksthird.Theyarethegoddessofdefendingandreproducingtherace.TheotherfourpeaksareFushoufairy,Zhenhuifairy,guanyongfairyandShirenfairy.Peoplethinkthatthethirdgoddessisthemostbeautiful.SheiscalledzhumulangsangmainTibetan,sosheuseshernametocallMountQomolangma,thehighestmountainintheworld.
Thereisalsoabeautifullegend.Onceuponatime,itwasasea.Ontheseashore,therewereflowersandtrees,flowersthatneverwitheredandneverwithered.Onthehillside,therewereforestsandfruittrees.Intheforestandflowers,therearemanybirdsandotheranimals.It'sarichandbeautifulplace!Butoneday,agroupofmonsterssuddenlycametooccupythisgoodplace.Thedemonsarecoming,catchingbirdsandanimals,destroyingflowersandtrees.Atthistime,afivecolorauspiciouscloudcamefromthesky.Onthecloudstoodafairyinaplaindress.Shewasthegoddessofsnowmountain-zhumulangsangma.Withherboundlessmagicpower,shesubduedthedemonsandspirits,andpressedthemunderamountain.Atthesametime,inthisarea,cattleandsheepwereraised,plantseedsweresown,andicelakesweredug.Fromthenon,shenotonlyrestoredtheoriginalappearance,butalsomadeitmorebeautiful.Thegoddesssubduedthedemonsandghosts,andpouredsnowwaterfromthesnowmountainandicelaketoirrigatethesurroundingland.So,beforeandafterthemountain,cattleandsheeparefat,cropsareflourishing,andahundredflowersareblooming.Therefore,peoplelivinginthisareahavegreatrespectforthegoddessandoftenpraiseherinvariousbeautifulwords.
FromthesummitofRongbutemple,wehavetopassthroughtwoimportantsections,namelythewell-knownBeiaoandthesecondstep.BeiaoisthegatewaytoclimbMountQomolangmafromthenorthslope.Itisasaddleshapedicewallwithanaltitudeof7007meters.Thereareicecracksalloverit.Itisaverydifficultnaturalobstacletoovercome.Thesecondstepismorethan300metersawayfromthepeak.In1960,ittookeightdaysforthenationalmountaineeringteamtoreachthetopfromthebasecamp,includingsixdaysfromBeiaotothetop.Thelast50meterstook19hourstoreachthetopwithoutoxygen.BeforeandafterthenationalmountaineeringteamsopenedupfiveroutestoclimbEverest.In1953,theBritishmountaineeringteamascendedalongthesoutheastridgefromthesouthslope;in1960,theChinesenationalmountaineeringteamascendedalongtheNorthRidgefromthenorthslopeoverBeiao;in1975,theBritishmountaineeringteamascendedfromthesouthslope;in1980,theJapanesemountaineeringteamascendedfromtheverticalcliffonthefrontofthenorthslope,whichisthemostdifficultroutetoclimbMountEverest.In1988,China,JapanandNepaljointlyformedateamtoclimbfromthenorthandsouthsidesofQomolangmaatthesametime,realizinga"doubleleap"inhumanhistory.In1990,China,theUnitedStatesandtheSovietUnionjoinedforcestoclimbMountEverest.In2003,itreachedthesummitagain.
ThemostinterestingthingonMountEverestisthecloudfloatingonthetopofthepeak,whichseemstobeaflagflyingonthetopofthepeak,sothiskindofcloudisvividlycalledflagcloudorflagcloud.TheshapeandpostureoftheflagcloudonMt.Everestarevarious,sometimeslikeaflagflutteringinthewind;sometimesliketheroughwaves;sometimesitturnsintoacurlingsmoke;justlikeagallopinghorse;forawhile,itislikeagentlyflutteringveil.AllthisaddsalotofmagnificentscenerytoMountEverest,whichcanbecalledoneoftheworld'smajorwonders.
WhatcausestheformationofflagcloudsonMt.Qomolangma?Itturnsoutthattheflagcloudsareformedbyconvectivecumulusclouds.Accordingtothepositionandheightofthecloud,wecaninferthesizeofthewindforceonthepeak.Iftheflagcloudmovesupward,itmeansthattheupperairwindissmaller;ifittiltsdownward,thewindwillbestronger;ifitislevelwiththepeak,thewindwillbeaboutlevel9.Therefore,theflagcloudofMountEverestisalsoknownas"thehighestwindvaneintheworld".
LetmeintroduceMountEverestNationalNatureReservetoyou.MountEverestNatureReservewasdesignatedasaNationalNatureReservein1993.ThereserveislocatedatthejunctionofTibetAutonomousRegionandthekingdomofNepal,withatotalareaof3.38millionhectaresandapopulationofmorethan70000.Theareaisdividedinto7coreprotectionareas,namelytuolonggou,rongha,xuebugang,Jiangcun,gongdang,ZhufengandXixiabangma,and4scientificexperimentalareas,namelyChentang,Nyalam,Jilongandgongdang.
AtthesouthernfootoftheHimalayas,thenaturereserveisthehighestinChina.Ithasoneoftheworld'stoptenlandscapes,theKamaValley,withanaltitudeof2300meters,alengthof55kilometersfromeasttowest,anaveragewidthof8kilometersfromnorthtosouth,andanareaof440squarekilometers.Thereare2101speciesofangiosperms,20speciesofgymnosperms,morethan200speciesofpteridophytes,morethan600speciesofbryophytesandlichens,andmorethan130speciesoffungiinthereserve;therearemorethan50speciesofmammalsinthewildanimals,amongwhichtherearemorethan10speciesofnationalfirst-classprotectedanimals,suchaslangur,Tibetanwilddonkey,Tarrsheep,leopard,snowleopard,blackpheasant,etc.SnowleopardisthesymbolanimalofEverestnaturereserve.
Theoriginalforestisdense,includingAbieshimalayana,larch,birch,juniper,shrub,Fargesia,alpinepine,spruce,Nepalesesandalwood,Magnolia,arborpine,Rhododendronandothermajortreespecies,aswellaswildplantswithhighornamentalvalueandmedicinalvaluesuchasmagnolia,PanaxnotoginsengandCoptischinensis.
Intheupperpartofthevastforestsea,altitude:3800metersto4500metersisalpinegrassland,withArtemisia,fleasandotherplants.Thearea5500-6000metersabovethesnowlineiscoveredwithpermanentsnow.Glaciersareformedyearbyyearduetononmeltingiceandsnow.Rongbuglacieristhelargestglacierinthereserve.Inaddition,thereareicebergglaciersandsuspendedglaciers.